Avances en Uro-Oncología «OncoUrology Forum Special Edition»: lo mejor del 2020 / Advances in Urologic Oncology “OncoUrology Forum Special Edition”: The best of 2020

Contexto y objetivo: Conocer las últimas evidencias sobre Urología oncológica de tumores de próstata, riñón y vejiga, analizando su impacto en la práctica clínica diaria, además de los esquemas futuros a medio y largo plazo.Materiales y métodos: Se revisan los resúmenes sobre Uro-Oncología presentados en los Congresos del año 2020 (EUA, AUA, ASCO, ESMO y ASTRO), las publicaciones de mayor impacto y especialmente las nuevas líneas de desarrollo y avance en Uro-Oncología valoradas por el comité de OncoForum.Resultados: El uso de los radioligandos de antígeno de membrana específico de próstata en el diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata puede tener gran cabida y utilidad en los próximos años gracias a su mejor sensibilidad y especificidad. La caracterización genética del tumor es importante tanto a nivel germinal como somático, dado que las mutaciones en BRCA2 son especialmente importantes por su significado en riesgo. El diseño de estudio más conveniente a nivel de cáncer genitourinario es el ensayo controlado aleatorizado múltiple de cohortes. La aplicación del big data traerá mejoras en procesos, ahorros en costes sanitarios y una potenciación de los estudios en vida real gracias a la facilidad de comparación, gestión y almacenamiento de datos.Conclusiones: El uso de las nuevas técnicas diagnósticas con ligandos de antígeno de membrana específico de próstata aportará una modalidad diagnóstica más completa y el aumento de los estudios del perfil genético del tumor y la calidad de los estudios realizados. La aplicación práctica de la inteligencia artificial mejorará el tratamiento del cáncer genitourinario. (AU)

Objective: To provide latest findings of Urologic Oncology on prostate, kidney, and bladder cancer, and analyze its impact on clinical practice as well as future schemes in the medium- and long-term.Methods:This document reviews the abstracts on Uro-Oncology presented at the 2020 Congresses (EUA, AUA, ASCO, ESMO and ASTRO), the publications with the highest impact and especially the new lines of development and progress in Uro-Oncology evaluated by the OncoForum committee.Results: The use of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) radioligands in the diagnosis of prostate cancer may have great potential and utility in the coming years due to their improved sensitivity and specificity. The genetic characterization of the tumor is important at both, germline and somatic levels, due to the significant role of BRCA2 mutations regarding risk. The cohort multiple randomised controlled trial is the most suitable study design at the genitourinary cancer level. The application of big data will lead to process improvements, savings in healthcare costs, and an empowerment of real-life studies through ease of data comparison, management, and storage.Conclusions:The use of new diagnostic techniques with PSMA ligands will provide a more comprehensive diagnostic modality, increase the number of studies about tumor genetic profiling, and enhance their quality. The practical application of artificial intelligence will improve the treatment genitourinary cancer. (AU)

Advances in urologic oncology "OncoUrology Forum Special Edition": The best of 2020.

OBJECTIVE: To provide latest findings of Urologic Oncology on prostate, kidney, and bladder cancer, and analyze its impact on clinical practice as well as future schemes in the medium- and long-term. METHODS: This document reviews the abstracts on Uro-Oncology presented at the 2020 Congresses (EUA, AUA, ASCO, ESMO and ASTRO), the publications with the highest impact and especially the new lines of development and progress in Uro-Oncology evaluated by the OncoForum committee. RESULTS: The use of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) radioligands in the diagnosis of prostate cancer may have great potential and utility in the coming years due to their improved sensitivity and specificity. The genetic characterization of the tumor is important at both, germline and somatic levels, due to the significant role of BRCA2 mutations regarding risk. The cohort multiple randomised controlled trial is the most suitable study design at the genitourinary cancer level. The application of big data will lead to process improvements, savings in healthcare costs, and an empowerment of real-life studies through ease of data comparison, management, and storage. CONCLUSIONS: The use of new diagnostic techniques with PSMA ligands will provide a more comprehensive diagnostic modality, increase the number of studies about tumor genetic profiling, and enhance their quality. The practical application of artificial intelligence will improve the treatment genitourinary cancer.

Avances en uro-oncología «OncoForum»: lo mejor del 2019 / Advances in urologic oncology "OncoForum": The best of 2019

OBJETIVO: Conocer las últimas evidencias sobre Urología oncológica de tumores de riñón, vejiga y próstata. MÉTODOS: Se revisan los resúmenes sobre cáncer renal, de vejiga y de próstata (CaP) presentados en los congresos del año 2019 (EAU, AUA, ASCO y ESMO) y las publicaciones de mayor impacto en este periodo con mayor valoración por parte del comité del OncoForum. RESULTADOS: En pacientes con cáncer renal metastásico, los regímenes que incluyen inmunoterapia (nivolumab + ipilimumab, pembrolizumab) han mostrado ser superiores a sunitinib en términos de supervivencia. En pacientes con cáncer de vejiga no músculo-invasivo, pembrolizumab ha demostrado ser una alternativa efectiva en aquellos refractarios al bacilo de Calmette-Guérin, mientras que, en pacientes con cáncer urotelial metastásico, enfortumab vedotin en tercera línea logró una tasa de respuesta considerable (44%). En pacientes con CaP localizado, la radioterapia externa ultrafraccionada no mostró mayor toxicidad aguda que la radioterapia fraccionada o hipofraccionada. Se ha confirmado el beneficio de enzalutamida y apalutamida asociados a la castración en pacientes con CaP M1, independientemente del volumen de la enfermedad. En los pacientes con CaP resistente a la castración (CPRC) M0, el tratamiento con enzalutamida, apalutamida o darolutamida se ha asociado con un retraso de la aparición de metástasis y la prolongación de la supervivencia. Cabazitaxel ha demostrado un beneficio en la supervivencia de pacientes con CPRC metastásico, mientras que olaparib mostró actividad antitumoral tras la quimioterapia en aquellos tumores con mutaciones en genes de reparación del ADN. CONCLUSIONES: Estos datos ponen de manifiesto la incorporación de la inmunoterapia como alternativa novedosa para combatir el cáncer renal y de vejiga. Cabe destacar la llegada de nuevos agentes para líneas avanzadas en el carcinoma urotelial y queda establecida la eficacia de enzalutamida y apalutamida en CaP metastásico de novo. En el CPRC metastásico, cabacitaxel y olaparib (dirigido a mutaciones) son opciones terapéuticas prometedoras

OBJECTIVE: Review the latest evidence on urologic oncology on kidney, bladder and prostate tumors. METHODS: Abstracts on kidney, bladder and prostate cancer presented at the 2019 congresses (EAU, AUA, ASCO and ESMO) and the publications with the greatest impact in this period, with the highest evaluation by the OncoForum committee, are reviewed. RESULTS: In patients with metastatic kidney cancer, regimens including immunotherapy (nivolumab + ipilimumab, pembrolizumab) have been shown to be superior to sunitinib in terms of survival. In patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, pembrolizumab has been shown to be an effective alternative in those refractory to bacillus Calmette-Guérin, while in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer, third-line enfortumab vedotin achieved a significant response rate (44%). In patients with localized prostate cancer (PCa), ultrafractionated external radiotherapy did not show any greater acute toxicity than fractionated or hypofractionated radiotherapy. The benefit of enzalutamide and apalutamide associated with castration has been confirmed in M1 PCa patients, regardless of disease volume. In patients with castration-resistant M0 PCa, treatment with enzalutamide, apalutamide or darolutamide has been associated with a delay in the occurrence of metastasis and prolonged survival. Cabazitaxel has demonstrated a survival benefit in patients with metastatic CRPC, while olaparib showed anti-tumor activity after chemotherapy in those tumors with mutations in DNA repair genes. CONCLUSIONS: These data show the implementation of immunotherapy as a novel alternative against renal and bladder cancer. The arrival of new agents for advanced urothelial carcinoma should be highlighted, and the efficacy of enzalutamide and apalutamide in de novo metastatic prostate cancer is established. In metastatic CRPC, cabazitaxel and olaparib (targeting mutations) are promising therapeutic options

Advances in urologic oncology "OncoForum": The best of 2019. / Avances en uro-oncología «OncoForum¼: lo mejor del 2019.

OBJECTIVE: Review the latest evidence on urologic oncology on kidney, bladder and prostate tumors. METHODS: Abstracts on kidney, bladder and prostate cancer presented at the 2019 congresses (EAU, AUA, ASCO and ESMO) and the publications with the greatest impact in this period, with the highest evaluation by the OncoForum committee, are reviewed. RESULTS: In patients with metastatic kidney cancer, regimens including immunotherapy (nivolumab + ipilimumab, pembrolizumab) have been shown to be superior to sunitinib in terms of survival. In patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, pembrolizumab has been shown to be an effective alternative in those refractory to bacillus Calmette-Guérin, while in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer, third-line enfortumab vedotin achieved a significant response rate (44%). In patients with localized prostate cancer (PCa), ultrafractionated external radiotherapy did not show any greater acute toxicity than fractionated or hypofractionated radiotherapy. The benefit of enzalutamide and apalutamide associated with castration has been confirmed in M1 PCa patients, regardless of disease volume. In patients with castration-resistant M0 PCa, treatment with enzalutamide, apalutamide or darolutamide has been associated with a delay in the occurrence of metastasis and prolonged survival. Cabazitaxel has demonstrated a survival benefit in patients with metastatic CRPC, while olaparib showed anti-tumor activity after chemotherapy in those tumors with mutations in DNA repair genes. CONCLUSIONS: These data show the implementation of immunotherapy as a novel alternative against renal and bladder cancer. The arrival of new agents for advanced urothelial carcinoma should be highlighted, and the efficacy of enzalutamide and apalutamide in de novo metastatic prostate cancer is established. In metastatic CRPC, cabazitaxel and olaparib (targeting mutations) are promising therapeutic options.

Avances en uro-oncología "OncoForum": lo mejor del 2017 / Developments in urologic oncology "OncoForum": The best of 2017

Objetivo: Conocer las últimas evidencias sobre Urología oncológica de tumores de próstata, riñón y vejiga, analizando su impacto en la práctica clínica diaria, además de los esquemas futuros a medio y largo plazo. Métodos: Se revisan los resúmenes sobre cáncer de próstata, renal y vejiga presentados en los congresos del año 2017 (EAU, AUA, ASCO, ESMO y ASTRO) y las publicaciones de mayor impacto en este periodo que recibieron mayor valoración por parte del comité del OncoForum. Resultados: En pacientes con cáncer renal de alto riesgo de recurrencia tras nefrectomía, se observó beneficio de sunitinib adyuvante versus placebo en el subgrupo de mayor riesgo. En pacientes con cáncer uroterial avanzado inelegibles a cisplatino, pembrolizumab en primera línea dio lugar a respuestas duraderas clínicamente significativas. En pacientes con cáncer de próstata (CaP) localizado, el tratamiento por progresión de la enfermedad fue menos frecuente con prostatectomía radical (PR) que con observación (diferencia absoluta de 26,2%) y se asoció a mayor frecuencia de eventos adversos (EA). En pacientes con CaP M0, la adición de abiraterona más prednisona (ABI + P) a deprivación androgénica (TDA) supuso menos muertes y menos eventos por fallo de tratamiento (p < 0,001). En pacientes con cáncer de próstata resistente a castración metastásico (CPRCm) tratados previamente con abiraterona, la mediana de supervivencia libre de progresión radiográfica (SLPr) con enzalutamida fue de 8,1 meses y la de supervivencia global (SG) no se alcanzó. Conclusiones: En pacientes con cáncer renal de alto riesgo de recurrencia tras nefrectomía, sunitinib adyuvante otorgó beneficio en todos los subgrupos, incluidos aquellos de mayor riesgo. En pacientes con CaP localizado, la PR no se asoció significativamente con mortalidad por todas las causas o mortalidad cáncer específica en comparación con observación. En pacientes con CaP M0, TDA combinado con ABI + P se asoció significativamente con mayores tasas de SG y SLP que TDA solo. En pacientes con CPRCm tratados previamente con abiraterona en tratamiento con enzalutamida permaneció activo

Objective: To put forth new findings of urologic oncology with impact on clinical practice presented during 2017 in the main annual meetings. Methods: This document reviews abstracts on prostate, kidney and bladder cancer presented at the congresses of 2016 (EAU, AUA, ASCO, ESMO and ASTRO) and publications with the highest impact in this period valued with the highest scores by the OncoForum committee. Results: Among patients at high risk of recurrent renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy, adjuvant sunitinib compared to placebo showed a benefit in patients at higher risk of recurrence. In cisplatin-ineligible advanced urothelial cancer, pembrolizumab elicits clinically meaningful, durable responses. Among patients with localized prostate cancer, treatment for disease progression was less frequent (absolute difference, 26.2 percentage pontis) and adverse events was more frequent with surgery than with observation. Among patients with locally advanced or merastatic prostate cancer, androgen-deprivation therapy plus abiraterone and prednisolone resulted in fewer deaths and fewer treatment-failure events (P < .001). Among patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer previously treated with abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide median radiographic progression free survival was 8,1 months and enzalutamide median overall survival was not reached. Conclusions: Among patients at high risk of recurrent renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy, adjuvant sunitinib showed a benefit across subgroups including patients at higher risk of recurrence. Among patients with localized prostate cancer, surgery was not associated with significantly lower all-cause or porstate-cancer mortality than observation. Among patients with locally advanced or merastatic prostate cancer, androgen-deprivation therapy plus abiraterone and prednisolone was associated with significantly higher rates of overall and failure-free survival than androgen-deprivation therapy alone. In patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer previously treated with abiraterone enzalutamide remained active

Developments in urologic oncology "OncoForum": The best of 2017. / Avances en uro-oncología «OncoForum¼: lo mejor del 2017.

OBJECTIVE: To put forth new findings of urologic oncology with impact on clinical practice presented during 2017 in the main annual meetings. METHODS: This document reviews abstracts on prostate, kidney and bladder cancer presented at the congresses of 2016 (EAU, AUA, ASCO, ESMO and ASTRO) and publications with the highest impact in this period valued with the highest scores by the OncoForum committee. RESULTS: Among patients at high risk of recurrent renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy, adjuvant sunitinib compared to placebo showed a benefit in patients at higher risk of recurrence. In cisplatin-ineligible advanced urothelial cancer, pembrolizumab elicits clinically meaningful, durable responses. Among patients with localized prostate cancer, treatment for disease progression was less frequent (absolute difference, 26.2 percentage pontis) and adverse events was more frequent with surgery than with observation. Among patients with locally advanced or merastatic prostate cancer, androgen-deprivation therapy plus abiraterone and prednisolone resulted in fewer deaths and fewer treatment-failure events (P<.001). Among patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer previously treated with abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide median radiographic progression free survival was 8,1 months and enzalutamide median overall survival was not reached. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients at high risk of recurrent renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy, adjuvant sunitinib showed a benefit across subgroups including patients at higher risk of recurrence. Among patients with localized prostate cancer, surgery was not associated with significantly lower all-cause or porstate-cancer mortality than observation. Among patients with locally advanced or merastatic prostate cancer, androgen-deprivation therapy plus abiraterone and prednisolone was associated with significantly higher rates of overall and failure-free survival than androgen-deprivation therapy alone. In patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer previously treated with abiraterone enzalutamide remained active.

Avances en uroncología «OncoForum»: lo mejor de 2016 / Developments in urologic oncology «OncoForum»: The best of 2016

Objetivo: Conocer las últimas evidencias sobre urología oncológica de tumores de próstata, riñón y vejiga, analizando su impacto en la práctica clínica diaria, además de los esquemas futuros a medio y largo plazo. Adquisición de la evidencia: Se revisan los resúmenes sobre cáncer de próstata, renal y vejiga presentados en los congresos del año 2016 (EAU, AUA, ASCO, ESMO y ASTRO) y las publicaciones de mayor impacto en este periodo que recibieron mayor valoración por parte del comité del OncoForum. Síntesis de la evidencia: En pacientes con carcinoma renal localizado de alto riesgo tras nefrectomía la enfermedad libre de progresión fue significativamente mayor para sunitinib que para el grupo placebo, con eventos adversos más frecuentes. En pacientes con cáncer de vejiga localmente avanzado o metastásico aletozumab obtuvo tasas de repuesta global en todos los subgrupos de pacientes, incluidos aquellos con mal pronóstico. En pacientes con cáncer de próstata localizado la diferencia de mortalidad cáncer específica entre prostatectomía radical, radioterapia o seguimiento activo no fue significativa (p = 0,48). En el estudio TERRAIN, con pacientes con cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración, se comunicaron eventos adversos graves en el 31% y el 23% de los pacientes tratados con enzalutamida y bicalutamida, respectivamente. Además, enzalutamida mejoró significativamente la supervivencia libre de progresión (1,57 meses) en comparación con bicatulamida (5,8 meses) (p < 0,0001). En el estudio ESTRIVE enzalutamida redujo el riesgo de progresión o muerte en un 76% en comparación con bicalutamida (p = 0,001). Conclusiones: En pacientes con cáncer renal de alto riesgo tras nefrectomía se ha evaluado sunitinb como opción de tratamiento. En pacientes con cáncer de próstata localizado la mortalidad cáncer específica fue baja, independientemente del tratamiento asignado (prostatectomía radical, radioterapia o seguimiento activo). En cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración se han publicado nuevos resultados de la eficacia y seguridad de enzalutamida y abiraterona, que han mostrado efectos beneficiosos en pacientes metastásicos y no metastásicos

Objective: To put forth new findings of urologic oncology with impact on clinical practice presented during 2016 in the main annual meetings. Acquisition of evidence: This document reviews abstracts on prostate, kidney and bladder cancer presented at the congresses of 2016 (EAU, AUA, ASCO, ESMO and ASTRO) and publications with the highest impact in this period valued with the highest scores by the OncoForum committee. Synthesis of evidence: In High-Risk Renal-Cell carcinoma after nephrectomy, disease-free survival was significantly greater for sunitinib than placebo group, with adverse events more frequents. In locally advanced and metastatic urotherial carcinoma patients, aletozumab achieved overall response rate in all subgroups of patients, included poor prognostic. In localized prostate cancer, the difference of prostate-cancer-specific mortality among active monitoring, radical prostatectomy and external-beam radiotherapy was not significant (P = 0,48). In TERRAIN study, with castration-resistant prostate cancer patients, adverse events was reported in 31% and 23% of patients treated with enzalutamide and bicalutamide, respectively. Moreover, enzalutamide significantly improved median progression-free survival (15.7 months) compared bicalutamide (5.8 months) (P < .0001). In SRTIVE study, Enzalutamide reduced the risk of progression or death by 76% compared with bicalutamide (P < .001). Conclusions: In high-risk renal-cell carcinoma after nephrectomy, sunitinb has been considered as treatment choice. In localized prostate cancer, prostate-cancer-specific mortality was low irrespective of the treatment assigned (active monitoring, radical prostatectomy and external-beam radiotherapy). In metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer new results of treatment with enzalutamide and abiraterone has been published, wich have been shown beneficial effects in metastatic and no metastatic patients

Developments in urologic oncology «OncoForum¼: The best of 2016. / Avances en uroncología «OncoForum¼: lo mejor de 2016.

OBJECTIVE: To put forth new findings of urologic oncology with impact on clinical practice presented during 2016 in the main annual meetings. ACQUISITION OF EVIDENCE: This document reviews abstracts on prostate, kidney and bladder cancer presented at the congresses of 2016 (EAU, AUA, ASCO, ESMO and ASTRO) and publications with the highest impact in this period valued with the highest scores by the OncoForum committee. SYNTHESIS OF EVIDENCE: In High-Risk Renal-Cell carcinoma after nephrectomy, disease-free survival was significantly greater for sunitinib than placebo group, with adverse events more frequents. In locally advanced and metastatic urotherial carcinoma patients, aletozumab achieved overall response rate in all subgroups of patients, included poor prognostic. In localized prostate cancer, the difference of prostate-cancer-specific mortality among active monitoring, radical prostatectomy and external-beam radiotherapy was not significant (P=0,48). In TERRAIN study, with castration-resistant prostate cancer patients, adverse events was reported in 31% and 23% of patients treated with enzalutamide and bicalutamide, respectively. Moreover, enzalutamide significantly improved median progression-free survival (15.7 months) compared bicalutamide (5.8 months) (P<.0001). In SRTIVE study, Enzalutamide reduced the risk of progression or death by 76% compared with bicalutamide (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: In high-risk renal-cell carcinoma after nephrectomy, sunitinb has been considered as treatment choice. In localized prostate cancer, prostate-cancer-specific mortality was low irrespective of the treatment assigned (active monitoring, radical prostatectomy and external-beam radiotherapy). In metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer new results of treatment with enzalutamide and abiraterone has been published, wich have been shown beneficial effects in metastatic and no metastatic patients.

Avances en uro-oncología «OncoForum»: lo mejor de 2015 / Developments in urologic oncology «OncoForum»: The best of 2015

Objetivo: Conocer las últimas evidencias sobre urología oncológica de tumores de próstata, riñón y vejiga, analizando su impacto en la práctica clínica diaria, además de los esquemas futuros a medio y largo plazo. Métodos: Se revisan los resúmenes sobre cáncer de próstata, renal y de vejiga presentados en los congresos del año 2015 (EAU, AUA, ASCO, ESMO y ASTRO) que recibieron mayor valoración por parte del comité de OncoForum. Resultados: En pacientes con cáncer renal avanzado, cabozantinib podría representar una nueva opción de tratamiento en segunda línea o posteriores. En cáncer de vejiga musculoinvasivo, el perfil de expresión genética podría predecir el beneficio clínico de la neoadyuvancia en el tratamiento de tumores uroteliales. En cáncer de próstata resistente a castración metastásico se han presentado resultados de diferentes estudios que han evaluado la adición de quimioterapia al tratamiento estándar con privación androgénica, mostrando reducción del riesgo de la progresión y tasas de respuesta de PSA más elevadas. Conclusiones: En cáncer renal se han presentado nuevas opciones en segunda línea de tratamiento. En cáncer de próstata resistente a castración metastásico se han publicado diferentes estudios sobre el tratamiento con enzalutamida en los que se ha mostrado que puede retrasar la enfermedad sintomática y tener un beneficio sobre la supervivencia global

Objective: To review the latest evidence on the oncologic urology of prostate, renal and bladder tumours, analysing their impact on daily clinical practice and future medium to long-term regimens. Methods: We review the abstracts on prostate, renal and bladder cancer presented at the 2015 congresses (EAU, AUA, ASCO, ESMO y ASTRO) that received the best evaluations by the OncoForum committee. Results: Cabozantinib could represent a new second-line (or subsequent) treatment option for patients with advanced renal cancer. In muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the genetic expression profile could predict the clinical benefit of neoadjuvant therapy in treating urothelial tumours. In metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, results were presented from various studies that evaluated the addition of chemotherapy to standard treatment with androgen deprivation, showing a reduction in the progression risk and higher PSA response rates. Conclusions: New options for the second-line treatment of renal cancer were presented. In metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, various studies have been published on treatment with enzalutamide, which has been shown to delay the symptomatic disease and benefit overall survival

Developments in urologic oncology «OncoForum¼: The best of 2015. / Avances en uro-oncología «OncoForum¼: lo mejor de 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To review the latest evidence on the oncologic urology of prostate, renal and bladder tumours, analysing their impact on daily clinical practice and future medium to long-term regimens. METHODS: We review the abstracts on prostate, renal and bladder cancer presented at the 2015 congresses (EAU, AUA, ASCO, ESMO y ASTRO) that received the best evaluations by the OncoForum committee. RESULTS: Cabozantinib could represent a new second-line (or subsequent) treatment option for patients with advanced renal cancer. In muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the genetic expression profile could predict the clinical benefit of neoadjuvant therapy in treating urothelial tumours. In metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, results were presented from various studies that evaluated the addition of chemotherapy to standard treatment with androgen deprivation, showing a reduction in the progression risk and higher PSA response rates. CONCLUSIONS: New options for the second-line treatment of renal cancer were presented. In metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, various studies have been published on treatment with enzalutamide, which has been shown to delay the symptomatic disease and benefit overall survival.

Developments in urologic oncology 'OncoForum': The best of 2014.

OBJECTIVE: To review the latest evidence on the oncologic urology of prostate, renal and bladder tumors, analyzing their impact on daily clinical practice and the future medium to long-term regimens. METHODS: We review the abstracts on prostate, renal and bladder cancer presented at the 2014 congresses (European Association of Urology, American Urological Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology and American Society for Radiation Oncology) that received the best evaluations by the OncoForum committee. RESULTS: The committee considered the following messages important: cytoreductive nephrectomy followed by treatment with a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor can significantly increase the overall survival of patients with metastatic renal cancer; for advanced bladder cancer, early adjuvant chemotherapy after cystectomy is preferable because it significantly increases progression-free survival; and several studies have shown that multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and fusion imaging improve the diagnosis of prostate cancer and provide greater possibilities for placing patients in the appropriate risk group in order to offer them the best treatment possible. The results of the PREVAIL study have demonstrated the efficacy of enzalutamide on the overall survival of men with castration-resistant prostate cancer and metastases, with no prior chemotherapy. The study also demonstrated the drug's favorable safety profile. CONCLUSIONS: Progress is continuing in renal and bladder cancer, improving the approach and clinical results with current therapeutic options. There is constant progress in castration-resistant prostate cancer; in 2014, prechemotherapy treatments were consolidated.

Avances en uro-oncología «OncoForum»: lo mejor de 2013 / Advances in Uro-oncology «OncoForum»: The Best of 2013

Objetivo: Exponer los nuevos hallazgos en urología oncológica con impacto en la práctica clínica presentados en las principales reuniones anuales durante 2013 (EAU, ESTRO, AUA, ASCO y ASTRO). Métodos: Se revisan los resúmenes sobre cáncer de próstata, renal, de vejiga y los tumores del tracto urinario presentados en los congresos del año 2013 que recibieron mayor valoración por parte del comité de Onco Forum. Resultados: El comité consideró importantes los siguientes mensajes. Las comorbilidades han de ser evaluadas por su impacto en la supervivencia global y cáncer específica en tumores renales T1a, especialmente en varones de más de 65 años. Everolimus no ha demostrado beneficio en tumores renales metastásicos frente a sunitinib. Los pacientes con cáncer de vejiga superficiales de alto riesgo, con 3 o más factores de riesgo, deben ser considerados para cistectomía radical. Los datos del ERSPC siguen demostrando el beneficio del despistaje sistemático. Los resultados de los estudios Ra-223 y enzalutamida demuestran beneficio en el control del dolor y la supervivencia global en la enfermedad metastásica. Conclusiones. Los tumores renales localizados y de vejiga superficiales de alto riesgo han de ser evaluados en relación con factores de riesgo por comorbilidades u oncológicos del tumor, para definir opciones de tratamiento adecuadas. Los nuevos datos de los ensayos clínicos en cáncer de próstata metastásico demuestran la eficacia en el control de la enfermedad

Objective: To present the new findings in oncologic urology with impact on clinical practice which were displayed at 2013 major annual meetings (EAU, ESTRO, AUA, ASCO and ASTRO). Methods: The abstracts on prostate kidney, bladder and upper tract urothelial cancer with the highest scores by the OncoForum committee, presented in 1013 Congresses are included in this paper. Results: The following messages were considered as important by the Onco Urology Forum committee. In renal tumors T1a, comorbidities should be evaluated by its impact on overall and specific cancer survival, especially in men over 65. In metastatic renal tumors, the benefit of Everolimus vs. Sunitinib has not been demonstrated. Patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer of high risk, with three or more risk factors, should be considered for radical cystectomy. The ERSPC study’ data demonstrate the benefit of the systematic screening in prostate cancer. In metastatic disease, the results of the Ra-223 and enzalutamide studies show benefit in pain control and overall survival in metastatic disease. Conclusions: Localized renal and non-muscle invasive bladder of high-risk tumors, should be assessed according to comorbidities or oncologic risk factors, to determinate the adequate treatment options. New data from metastatic prostate cancer clinical trials have shown promising results in the control of the disease

Advances in uro-oncology "OncoForum": the best of 2013.

OBJECTIVE: To present the new findings in oncologic urology with impact on clinical practice which were displayed at 2013 major annual meetings (EAU, ESTRO, AUA, ASCO and ASTRO). METHODS: The abstracts on prostate kidney, bladder and upper tract urothelial cancer with the highest scores by the OncoForum committee, presented in 1013 Congresses are included in this paper. RESULTS: the following messages were considered as important by the OncoUrology Forum committee. In renal tumors T1a, comorbidities should be evaluated by its impact on overall and specific cancer survival, especially in men over 65. In metastatic renal tumors, the benefit of Everolimus vs. Sunitinib has not been demonstrated. Patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer of high risk, with three or more risk factors, should be considered for radical cystectomy. The ERSPC study' data demonstrate the benefit of the systematic screening in prostate cancer. In metastatic disease, the results of the Ra-223 and enzalutamide studies show benefit in pain control and overall survival in metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS: Localized renal and non-muscle invasive bladder of high-risk tumors, should be assessed according to comorbidities or oncologic risk factors, to determinate the adequate treatment options. New data from metastatic prostate cancer clinical trials have shown promising results in the control of the disease.

Avances en uro-oncología «Oncoforum»: lo mejor de 2011 / Advances in Uro-Oncology «Oncoforum»: the Best of 2011

Objetivo: Exponer los nuevos hallazgos en urología oncológica con impacto en la práctica clínica presentados en las principales reuniones anuales (EAU, ESTRO, AUA, ASCO y ASTRO). Métodos: Los informadores del Onco Urology Forum seleccionan y clasifican los resúmenes sobre cáncer genitourinario en función del impacto sobre la práctica clínica presente o futura. Este documento incluye los resúmenes con mayor puntuación. Resultados: La comisión del Onco Urology Forum consideró importantes los siguientes mensajes. El estudio PIVOT demuestra que la prostatectomía radical reduce la mortalidad específica del cáncer de próstata (CaP), en comparación con seguimiento en observación, en CaP localizado de alto riesgo o PSA>10ng/ml. La disección de los ganglios linfáticos pélvicos debería hacerse en todos los pacientes con cáncer vesical tratados mediante cistectomía radical, independientemente del estadio tumoral, de acuerdo con un análisis de la base de datos Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER). Un análisis de la SEER de pacientes con cáncer renal concluyó que la nefrectomía radical se asocia a peor supervivencia global y cardiovascular, en comparación con la nefrectomía parcial, en carcinoma de células renales localizado y ≤2cm. En pacientes con tumor de células germinales no seminomatoso, no se debe omitir la disección de los ganglios linfáticos retroperitoneales tras quimioterapia cuando el tamaño tumoral residual es ≤1cm, debido al riesgo considerablemente alto de teratoma y cáncer viable. Conclusiones: Aunque estos estudios no ofrecen una respuesta final para todos los temas oncourológicos, sus resultados tendrán impacto en la práctica clínica diaria (AU)

Objective: To put forth new findings in urologic oncology with impact in the clinical practice, presented in the principal annual meetings (EAU, ESTRO, AUA, ASCO and ASTRO). Methods: The reporters of the Onco Urology Forum select and classify the summaries on genitourinary cancer based on the impact on present or future practice. This document includes the summaries having the highest scores. Results: The Onco Urology Forum committee considered the following messages important. The PIVOT study shows that radical prostatectomy reduces the specific mortality of prostate cancer (PCa) compared to follow-up in observation, in localized high risk PCa or PSA >10ng/mL. Dissection of the pelvic lymph nodes should be done in all the patients with bladder cancer treated by radical cystectomy, regardless of the tumor stage, in accordance with baseline analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data. An analysis of the SEER of patients with renal cancer concluded that the radical nephrectomy is associated to worse cardiovascular and overall survival compared to those treated with partial nephrectomy in localized renal cell carcinoma of ≤2cm. In patients with nonseminomatous germ cells cancer, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection should not be omitted when the residual tumor size is ≤1cm because of the considerably high risk of teratoma and viable cancer. Conclusions: Although these studies do not offer a final response for all the oncourological subjects, these results will have an impact on the daily clinical practice (AU)

[Advances in uro-oncology «Oncoforum¼: the best of 2011]. / Avances en uro-oncología «Oncoforum¼: lo mejor de 2011.

OBJECTIVE: To put forth new findings in urologic oncology with impact in the clinical practice, presented in the principal annual meetings (EAU, ESTRO, AUA, ASCO and ASTRO). METHODS: The reporters of the OncoUrology Forum select and classify the summaries on genitourinary cancer based on the impact on present or future practice. This document includes the summaries having the highest scores. RESULTS: The OncoUrology Forum committee considered the following messages important. The PIVOT study shows that radical prostatectomy reduces the specific mortality of prostate cancer (PCa) compared to follow-up in observation, in localized high risk PCa or PSA >10 ng/mL. Dissection of the pelvic lymph nodes should be done in all the patients with bladder cancer treated by radical cystectomy, regardless of the tumor stage, in accordance with baseline analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data. An analysis of the SEER of patients with renal cancer concluded that the radical nephrectomy is associated to worse cardiovascular and overall survival compared to those treated with partial nephrectomy in localized renal cell carcinoma of ≤2 cm. In patients with nonseminomatous germ cells cancer, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection should not be omitted when the residual tumor size is ≤1 cm because of the considerably high risk of teratoma and viable cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Although these studies do not offer a final response for all the oncourological subjects, these results will have an impact on the daily clinical practice.

Avances en uro-oncología ‘‘OncoForum’’: lo mejor del 2010 / Advances in uro-oncology ‘‘OncoForum’’: the best of 2010

Objetivo: Destacar lo más relevante de las reuniones anuales 2010 de la Asociación Europea de Urología (European Association of Urology [EAU]), la Asociación Americana de Urología (American Urological Association [AUA]), la Sociedad Americana de Oncología Clínica (American Society of Clinical Oncology [ASCO]) y la Sociedad Americana de Oncología Radioterápica(American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology [ASTRO]).Métodos: Un grupo de expertos en urología oncológica seleccionó los resúmenes más relevantes de los 4 congresos. Posteriormente, los revisores valoraron los hallazgos en relación con su impacto presente y futuro sobre la práctica clínica. Este documento recoge los resúmenes con mayor puntuación. Resultados: Se han considerado relevantes los siguientes mensajes. En cáncer de próstata pT3la radioterapia (RT) postoperatoria mejora el control local y supervivencia libre de progresión bioquímica, sin impacto significativo sobre las metástasis a distancia y la supervivencia global. En pacientes con cáncer vesical sin invasión muscular y con riesgo de recurrencia intermedio, la quimioterapia de mantenimiento no aumentó la supervivencia sin recurrencia después de resección transuretral. No hay evidencia de efecto sinergista de la combinación temsirolimus/bevacizumab para pacientes con carcinoma de células renales metastásico sin tratamiento previo. En el protocolo SWENOTECA V para el tratamiento del cáncer testicular de células germinales seminomatoso se interrumpió la RT adyuvante, porque la preocupación por la inducción de cánceres secundarios superaba a la reducción de las recidivas. Conclusiones: En el 2010 han surgido nuevos datos sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento en urología oncológica, gracias al interesante trabajo de diferentes estudios (AU)

Objective: To highlight the most important issues of the 2010 annual meetings of the European Association of Urology, EAU), the American Urological Association, AUA, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, ASCO, and the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, ASTRO. Methods: A group of experts in oncological urology selected the most important summaries of the four congresses. Subsequently, the revisors assessed the findings in relation to their present and future impact on clinical practice. This document includes the summaries with the highest points. Results: The following messages were considered important. In pT3 prostate cancer, postoperative radiotherapy (RT) improves local control and biochemical progression-free survival, with no significant impact on distant metastasis and overall survival. In patients with bladder cancer without muscle invasion and with the risk of intermediate recurrence, maintenance chemotherapy does not increase recurrence-free survival after transurethral resection. There is no evidence of a synergist effect of the combination of Temsirolimus/ Bevacizumab in patients with metastatic kidney cell carcinoma without prior treatment. In the SWENOTECA V protocol for the treatment of seminomatous germ-cell testicular cancer, the adjuvant RT was interrupted because the concern regarding the induction of secondary cancers was greater than the reduction of relapses. Conclusions: In 2010, new data was produced on the diagnosis and treatment in oncological urology, thanks to the interesting work of different trials (AU)

[Advances in uro-oncology "OncoForum": the best of 2010]. / Avances en uro-oncología "OncoForum": lo mejor del 2010.

OBJECTIVE: To highlight the most important issues of the 2010 annual meetings of the European Association of Urology, EAU), the American Urological Association, AUA, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, ASCO, and the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, ASTRO. METHODS: A group of experts in oncological urology selected the most important summaries of the four congresses. Subsequently, the revisors assessed the findings in relation to their present and future impact on clinical practice. This document includes the summaries with the highest points. RESULTS: The following messages were considered important. In pT3 prostate cancer, postoperative radiotherapy (RT) improves local control and biochemical progression-free survival, with no significant impact on distant metastasis and overall survival. In patients with bladder cancer without muscle invasion and with the risk of intermediate recurrence, maintenance chemotherapy does not increase recurrence-free survival after transurethral resection. There is no evidence of a synergist effect of the combination of Temsirolimus/ Bevacizumab in patients with metastatic kidney cell carcinoma without prior treatment. In the SWENOTECA V protocol for the treatment of seminomatous germ-cell testicular cancer, the adjuvant RT was interrupted because the concern regarding the induction of secondary cancers was greater than the reduction of relapses. CONCLUSIONS: In 2010, new data was produced on the diagnosis and treatment in oncological urology, thanks to the interesting work of different trials.

[Modification of the hemodynamic parameters and peripheral vascular flow in a porcine experimental of model of laparoscopic nephrectomy]. / Modificaciones de los parámetros hemodinámicos y de los distintos flujos vasculares periféricos en modelo experimental porcino de nefrectomía laparoscópica.

OBJECTIVES: It has been demonstrated that abdominal high-pressure and the use of CO2 pneumoperitoneum induce changes of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, attributable to two factors: changes of the cardiac output (CO) and hypercarbia. Other modifications derived from these facts include changes of the systemic vascular resistances (SVR), blood pressure (BP), central venous pressure (CVP), vascular changes like modifications of the renal blood flow (RBF), carotid flow (CF), portal flow, and hepatic artery flow (HAF). Our objective is to analyze the hemodynamic modifications induced by pneumoperitoneum on renal blood flow, carotid flow, portal flow and hepatic artery flow in a porcine experimental model. METHODS: We compared two groups of pigs: CONTROL group (n = 10) and LAPAROSCOPIC group (n = 10), undergoing open or laparoscopic nephrectomy respectively. In every case, catheters were inserted into the right external jugular vein and femoral artery and cardiac output, CVP, blood pressure and systemic vascular resistances (calculated as RVS = (BP/CVP)x 80/CO); these measurements were taken at the following times: baseline, 5, 30, 60 min. and postoperatively. Renal blood flow, carotid flow, portal flow and hepatic artery flow were registered by means of an electromagnetic probe around the vessel 30 minutes after the start of surgery. RESULTS: Comparative analysis shows: an increase of cardiac output in the laparoscopic group, the difference which was maximal at 30 minutes (4.33 + 0.73 vs. 8 .54 + 1.26 l/min., p < 0.,001); a descent of the systemic vascular resistances (1118.81 + 302.52 vs. 663.37 + 81.45 dynes .s.cm5, p < 0.001) and an increase of blood pressure (66.5 + 11.52 vs. 80.25 + 2.49 mm Hg in the laparoscopic group. Flow analysis showed an increase of the carotid artery flow (125.73 + 41.69 vs. 291.7 + 51.52 ml/min., p < 0.001) and a decrease of portal flow (973.67 + 131.70 vs. 546.83 + 217.53 ml/min., p = 0.001) and hepatic artery flow (278.00 + 94.71 vs. 133.33 + 112.32 ml/min., p = 0.03) in the laparoscopic group. There were no significant differences in renal blood flow with the volume expansion used. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic nephrectomy conditions an increase of carotid flow, probably secondary to the increase of cardiac output, and also a diminishment of hepatic perfusion, both arterial and portal. Nevertheless, volume expansion and the limitation of intra-abdominal pressure to 12 mm Hg enable to maintain similar renal blood flow in both groups.

Modificaciones de los parámetros hemodinámicos y de los distintos flujos vasculares periféricos en modelo experimental porcino de nefrectomía laparoscópica / Modification of the hemodynamic parameters and peripheral vascular flow in a porcine experimental of model of laparoscopic nephrectomy

Objetivo: Se ha demostrado que la hiperpresión abdominal y la utilización del neumoperitoneo con CO2, provocan cambios en los aparatos cardiovascular y respiratorio, atribuibles a dos factores: alteraciones en el gasto cardiaco (GC) e hipercarbia. Otras alteraciones derivadas de estos hechos son los cambios en las resistencias vasculares sistémicas (RVS), la tensión arterial (TA), la presión venosa central (PVC), cambios vasculares como las alteraciones en el flujo sanguíneo renal (FSR), flujo carotídeo (FAC), flujo portal (FP) y flujo de la arteria hepática (FAH). Nuestro objetivo es analizar las modificaciones hemodinámicas producidas por el neumoperitoneo sobre los FSR, FC, FP y FAH en modelo experimental porcino. Métodos: Se analizan comparativamente dos grupos de cerdos, un grupo CONTROL (N=10) y grupo LAPAROSCÓPICO (N=10), a los que se les realiza una nefrectomía abierta o laparoscópica respectivamente. En ambos grupos se canaliza la vena yugular externa derecha y la arteria femoral y se monitoriza el GC, la PVC, la TA, las RVS (calculada mediante la fórmula RVS=(TA-PVC)*80/GC); estas determinaciones se realizan en los momentos: basal, 5, 30, 60 minutos y postcirugía. Mediante sonda electromagnética alrededor del vaso, se registran los FSR, FC, FP y FAH a los 30 minutos de iniciada la intervención quirúrgica. Resultados: El análisis comparativo de ambos grupos demuestra un aumento del GC en el grupo laparoscópico, cuya diferencia fue máxima a los 30 minutos (4,33 + 0,73 vs 8,54 + 1,26 l/min, p< 0,001); un descenso de las RVS (1118,81 + 302,52 vs 663,37 + 81,45 dinas x s x cm-5 p< 0,001) y un aumento de la TA del grupo laparoscópico (66,5 + 11,52 vs 80,25 + 2,49 mm Hg, p= 0,004). El análisis de los flujos demostró un aumento del FAC (125,73 + 41,69 vs 291,70 + 51,52 ml/min, p<0,001) y una disminución del FP (973,67+ 131,70 vs 546,83+ 217,53 ml/min, p= 0,001) y del FAH (278,00 + 94,71 vs 133,33+112,32 ml/min, p=0,03) en el grupo laparoscópico. No existieron diferencias significativas en el FSR con la expansión de la volemia utilizada. Conclusiones: La nefrectomia laparoscópica condiciona un aumento del FC, posiblemente secundario al aumento del gasto cardiaco, así como un descenso de la perfusión hepática, tanto arterial como portal. Sin embargo, la expansión de la volemia y la reducción de la PIA a 12 mmHg permiten mantener el FSR semejante en ambos grupos (AU)

Objectives: It has been demonstrated that abdominal high-pressure and the use of C02 pneumoperitoneum induce changes of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, attributable to two factors: changes of the cardiac output(CO) and hypercarbia. Other modifications derived from these facts include changes of the systemic vascular resistances (SVR), blood pressure (BP), central venous pressure (CVP), vascular changes like modifications of the renal blood flow (RBF), carotid flow (CF), portal flow, and hepatic artery flow (HAF). Our objective is to analyze the hemodynamic modifications induced by pneumoperitoneum on renal blood flow, carotid flow, portal flow and hepatic artery flow in a porcine experimental model. Methods: We compared two groups of pigs: CONTROL group (n = 10) and LAPAROSCOPIC group (n = 10), undergoing open or laparoscopic nephrectomy respectively. In every case, catheters were inserted into the right external jugular vein and femoral artery and cardiac output, CVP, blood pressure and systemic vascular resistances (calculated as RVS = (BP/CVP)x 80/CO); these measurements were taken at the following times: baseline, 5, 30, 60 min. and postoperatively. Renal blood flow, carotid flow, portal flow and hepatic artery flow were registered by means of an electromagnetic probe around the vessel 30 minutes after the start of surgery. Results: Comparative analysis shows: an increase of cardiac output in the laparoscopic group, the difference which was maximal at 30 minutes (4.33 + 0.73 vs. 8 .54+ 1.26 l/min., p < 0,001); a descent of the systemic vascular resistances (1118.81+ 302.52 vs. 663.37+ 81.45 dynes .s.cm5, p < 0.001) and an increase of blood pressure (66.5+ 11.52 vs. 80.25+ 2.49 mm Hg in the laparoscopic group. Flow analysis showed an increase of the carotid artery flow (125.73+ 41.69 vs. 291.7+ 51.52 ml/min., p < 0.001) and a decrease of portal flow (973.67+ 131.70 vs. 546.83+ 217.53 ml/min., p = 0.001) and hepatic artery flow (278.00+ 94.71 vs. 133.33+ 112.32 ml/min., p = 0.03) in the laparoscopic group. There were no significant differences in renal blood flow with the volume expansion used. Conclusions: Laparoscopic nephrectomy conditions an increase of carotid flow, probably secondary to the increase of cardiac output, and also a diminishment of hepatic perfusion, both arterial and portal. Nevertheless, volume expansion and the limitation of intra-abdominal pressure to 12 mm Hg enable to maintain similar renal blood flow in both groups (AU)